Bullying and cyberbullying

Bullying and cyberbullying are forms of trauma that have far-reaching detrimental effects on mental health, particularly among children and adolescents. A significant body of research supports the assertion that both traditional bullying—characterized by physical or verbal aggression—and cyberbullying—facilitated through digital communication platforms—can lead to severe emotional and psychological consequences. The impact of these forms of victimization includes heightened risks of anxiety, depression, and even suicidal ideation. For instance, Adewoye discusses that individuals who witness cyberbullying often experience a vicarious form of victimization, leading to similar emotional disturbances as those felt by direct victims (Adewoye, 2022). Furthermore, studies indicate that the nature of cyberbullying—characterized by its anonymity and often pervasive reach—can make the associated trauma even more profound compared to traditional bullying Keith, 2025)(Kee et al., 2022).

Empirical studies consistently highlight the psychological toll of bullying behaviors. According to a systematic review by Georgiades et al., heightened exposure to psychosocial stressors like bullying correlates significantly with adverse clinical outcomes, including an increased likelihood of psychotic symptoms among affected individuals (Georgiades et al., 2023). Copeland et al. further elucidated that children who experience bullying are at an elevated risk for long-term mental health issues, underscoring how such trauma can have lasting repercussions well into adulthood (JIANG, 2023; Álvarez-Subiela et al., 2022). This phenomenon is particularly concerning in Malaysia, where bullying has been reported to occur in various forms across educational institutions (Nakman et al., 2019).

In Malaysia, the prevalence of both bullying and cyberbullying is alarming, reflecting global trends. A study indicated that approximately 20% of adolescents experience traditional bullying, and up to 30% report being victims of cyberbullying (Dailey & Roche, 2025; Halim et al., 2023; . The Malaysian Ministry of Education acknowledged numerous cases in schools, prompting calls for urgent interventions and preventive measures (Ramzy et al., 2021). According to Nakman et al., the risk of developing mental health disorders significantly increases in adolescents who are subjected to regular bullying (Doumas & Midgett, 2022). These negative outcomes can extend beyond the individual, affecting academic performance, social relationships, and overall well-being (Kim et al., 2021).

Furthermore, the intersection of childhood experiences of trauma, including bullying and cyberbullying, presents itself as a critical area of concern in mental health discourse. Zaen et al. documented that adverse childhood experiences greatly heighten vulnerability to mental health disorders later in life, particularly in cases of PTSD and severe anxiety associated with persistent bullying behaviors (Zaen et al., 2022; . This trend is also reflected in Malaysian studies, which show a clear correlation between bullying exposure and susceptibility to mental health issues such as depression among secondary school students Halim et al., 2023; .

Moreover, the role of digital technology in the escalation of bullying behaviors cannot be overlooked. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the situation, as increased screen time and reliance on digital platforms for social interactions facilitate the spread of cyberbullying (Kee et al., 2022). The pervasive nature of social media allows bullies to extend their reach, often leading to more significant psychological consequences given the lack of immediate accountability or physical presence Keith, 2025). Importantly, the emotional and psychological effects of this modern form of bullying can manifest as persistent fears, low self-esteem, and in severe cases, suicidal thoughts (Mahmood, 2025; Ang et al., 2024).

Significantly, interventions aimed at addressing the psychological aftermath of bullying and cyberbullying are critical for mitigating these adverse effects. The implementation of trauma-informed practices in educational settings, focusing on emotional regulation, resilience building, and coping strategies, has been proposed as an effective method to combat the repercussions of bullying and cyberbullying (Yosep et al., 2023; GÜÇLÜ & Çam, 2022). These strategies encourage supportive environments for victims, helping them navigate their trauma while fostering empathy and understanding among peers (Dailey & Roche, 2025; Keith, 2025).

In conclusion, the intricate relationship between bullying, cyberbullying, and trauma emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies that address both prevention and psychological support for victims. The alarming statistics from Malaysia reflect a global crisis, necessitating systemic changes in how schools, families, and communities approach the issues of bullying in all its forms. Awareness programs and support systems are essential in fostering a safe and nurturing environment for adolescents, ultimately transforming the culture around bullying and cyberbullying into one of respect and understanding (Zaen et al., 2022; Halim et al., 2023; Samanthar et al., 2022).

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